Investigating Graph Embedding Methods for Cross-Platform Binary Code Similarity Detection

IoT devices are increasingly present, both in the industry and in consumer markets, but their security remains weak, which leads to an unprecedented number of attacks against them. In order to reduce the attack surface, one approach is to analyze the binary code of these devices to early detect whether they contain potential security vulnerabilities. More specifically, knowing some vulnerable function, we can determine whether the firmware of an IoT device contains some security flaw by searching for this function. However, searching for similar vulnerable functions is in general challenging due to the fact that the source code is often not openly available and that it can be compiled for different architectures, using different compilers and compilation settings. In order to handle these varying settings, we can compare the similarity between the graph embeddings derived from the binary functions. In this paper, inspired by the recent advances in deep learning, we propose a new method – GESS (graph embeddings for similarity search) – to derive graph embeddings, and we compare it with various state-of-the-art methods. Our empirical evaluation shows that GESS reaches an AUC of 0.979, thereby outperforming the best known approach. Furthermore, for a fixed low false positive rate, GESS provides a true positive rate (or recall) about 36% higher than the best previous approach. Finally, for a large search space, GESS provides a recall between 50% and 60% higher than the best previous approach

Co-exposure to internal and external radiation alters cesium biokinetics and retention in mice

International audienceExposures in post-accidental situations are complex and include both external exposure and internal contamination with several radionuclides. However, in vivo and in vitro studies generally use simplified exposures, while a recent study suggested that combined external irradiation and internal contamination may induce more severe biological effects as compared to single exposures. In an attempt to test the hypothesis of potential non-additive effects of multiple radiological exposures, we used a mouse model of combined external X rays irradiation and internal contamination with 137Cs injection. Results showed a differential kinetics of 137Cs elimination in irradiated animals as compared to sham-irradiated, 137Cs injected animals. Moreover, changes in plasma potassium and in testis weight were observed 38 days after irradiation and injection. These results demonstrate that a combination of an external exposure combined with an internal contamination may lead to unexpected changes in biokinetics and biological effects of internalized radionuclides

Stomatal regulation and xylem cavitation in Clementine (Citrus clementina Hort) under drought conditions

In many trees species, a strong relationship exists between stomatal closure and the onset of cavitation in xylem vessels. This relationship was investigated in a Citrus species. Young potted 'Clementine' (Citrus clementina Hort 'Clementine') grafted on 'Carrizo Citrange' (Citrus sinensis X Poncirus trifoliata) or 'Trifoliate Orange' (Poncirus trifoliata Raf), and grown under greenhouse conditions, were submitted to periods of drought by withholding irrigation. Pre-dawn water potential, leaf stomatal conductance, plant transpiration, the degree of xylem embolism, and xylem vulnerability curves were measured. Transpiration and stomatal conductance were reduced to a minimum value when the pre-dawn water potential reached -1 MPa.This value corresponded to the threshold pressure below which cavitation was induced. Higher intensities of water stress provoked more cavitation, but the degree of xylem embolism, as measured by percentage loss of conductivity, always remained below 50%.'Clementine' is therefore vulnerable to embolism, but early stomatal regulation prevents the occurrence of embolism. Under severe water stress, 'Clementine' is able to maintain functional xylem vessels, which probably enhances its survival during periods of intense drought, and favours its recovery. This suggests that xylem cavitation is a key process in understanding the response of Citrus to drought and, hence, is a promising criterion by which to screen for more drought-tolerant genotypes

Indirect Evidence for Genetic Differentiation in Vulnerability to Embolismin Pinus halepensis

Climate change is increasing mean temperatures and in the eastern Mediterranean is expected to decrease annual precipitation. The resulting increase in aridity may be too rapid for adaptation of tree species unless their gene pool already possesses variation in drought resistance. Vulnerability to embolism, estimated by the pressure inducing 50% loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity (P-50), is strongly associated with drought stress resistance in trees. Yet, previous studies on various tree species reported low intraspecific genetic variation for this trait, and therefore limited adaptive capacities to increasing aridity. Here we quantified differences in hydraulic efficiency (xylem hydraulic conductance) and safety (resistance to embolism) in four contrasting provenances of Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) in a provenance trial, which is indirect evidence for genetic differences. Results obtained with three techniques (bench dehydration, centrifugation and X-ray micro-CT) evidenced significant differentiation with similar ranking between provenances. Inter-provenance variation in P50 correlated with pit anatomical properties (torus overlap and pit aperture size). These results suggest that adaptation of P. halepensis to xeric habitats has been accompanied by modifications of bordered pit function driven by variation in pit aperture. This study thus provides evidence that appropriate exploitation of provenance differences will allow continued forestry with P. halepensis in future climates of the Eastern Mediterranean

Indirect evidence for genetic differentiation in vulnerability to embolism in Pinus halepensis

Climate change is increasing mean temperatures and in the eastern Mediterranean is expected to decrease annual precipitation. The resulting increase in aridity may be too rapid for adaptation of tree species unless their gene pool already possesses variation in drought resistance. Vulnerability to embolism, estimated by the pressure inducing 50% loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity (P50), is strongly associated with drought stress resistance in trees. Yet, previous studies on various tree species reported low intraspecific genetic variation for this trait, and therefore limited adaptive capacities to increasing aridity. Here we quantified differences in hydraulic efficiency (xylem hydraulic conductance) and safety (resistance to embolism) in four contrasting provenances of Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) in a provenance trial, which is indirect evidence for genetic differences. Results obtained with three techniques (bench dehydration, centrifugation and X-ray micro-CT) evidenced significant differentiation with similar ranking between provenances. Inter-provenance variation in P50 correlated with pit anatomical properties (torus overlap and pit aperture size). These results suggest that adaptation of P. halepensis to xeric habitats has been accompanied by modifications of bordered pit function driven by variation in pit aperture. This study thus provides evidence that appropriate exploitation of provenance differences will allow continued forestry with P. halepensis in future climates of the Eastern Mediterranean

Acclimation limits for embolism resistance and osmotic adjustment accompany the geographical dry edge of Mediterranean species

Survival and growth of woody species in the Mediterranean are mainly restricted by water availability. We tested the hypothesis that Mediterranean species acclimate their xylem vulnerability and osmotic potential along a precipitation gradient.We studied five predominant co-occurring Mediterranean species; Quercus calliprinos, Pistacia palaestina, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus lycioides and Phillyrea latifolia, over two summers at three sites. The driest of the sites is the distribution edge for all the five species. We measured key hydraulic and osmotic traits related to drought resistance, including resistance to embolism (psi(50)) and the seasonal dynamics of water and osmotic potentials.The leaf water potentials (psi(l)) of all species declined significantly along the summer, reaching significantly lower psi(l) at the end of summer in the drier sites. Surprisingly, we did not find plasticity along the drought gradient in psi(50) or osmotic potentials. This resulted in much narrower hydraulic safety margins (HSMs) in the drier sites, where some species experienced significant embolism.Our analysis indicates that reduction in HSM to null values put Mediterranean species in embolism risk as they approach their hydraulic limit near the geographical dry edge of their distribution

Reprise de la discussion sur le projet de décret de M. Camus concernant l'organisation de la comptabilité générale des finances de l'État, à la suite des observations de M. Malouet, lors de la séance du 8 septembre 1791

Boissy d'Anglas François Antoine de, Camus Armand Gaston, Malouet Pierre Victor, Dupont de Nemours Pierre Samuel, Anson Pierre Hubert, Defermon des Chapelières Jacques, Duport Adrien Jean, Briois de Beaumetz Bon-Albert, Cochard Claude Alexis. Reprise de la discussion sur le projet de décret de M. Camus concernant l'organisation de la comptabilité générale des finances de l'État, à la suite des observations de M. Malouet, lors de la séance du 8 septembre 1791. In: Archives Parlementaires de 1787 à 1860 - Première série (1787-1799) Tome XXX - Du 28 août au 17 septembre 1791. Paris : Librairie Administrative P. Dupont, 1888. pp. 297-301

Reprise de la discussion sur le projet de décret de M. Camus concernant l'organisation de la comptabilité générale des finances de l'État, à la suite des observations de M. Malouet, lors de la séance du 8 septembre 1791

Boissy d'Anglas François Antoine de, Camus Armand Gaston, Malouet Pierre Victor, Dupont de Nemours Pierre Samuel, Anson Pierre Hubert, Defermon des Chapelières Jacques, Duport Adrien Jean, Briois de Beaumetz Bon-Albert, Cochard Claude Alexis. Reprise de la discussion sur le projet de décret de M. Camus concernant l'organisation de la comptabilité générale des finances de l'État, à la suite des observations de M. Malouet, lors de la séance du 8 septembre 1791. In: Archives Parlementaires de 1787 à 1860 - Première série (1787-1799) Tome XXX - Du 28 août au 17 septembre 1791. Paris : Librairie Administrative P. Dupont, 1888. pp. 297-301